• Register
  • Login
  • Persian

Language Studies

  1. Home
  2. Metaphorical Model of time in Persian: A corpus-based study

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Peer Review Process

Journal Metrics

News

Metaphorical Model of time in Persian: A corpus-based study

    Authors

    • Zeinab Nouri 1
    • Belghis rovshan 2
    • Arsalan Golfam 3

    1 PhD Student ،Department of lingustics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    2 Professor, Department of Linguistics and Foreign Languages,faculty of Humanities, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author)

    3 Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics,Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

,

Document Type : Research original ,Regular Article

10.30465/ls.2022.41621.2061
  • Article Information
  • References
  • Download
  • How to cite
  • Statistics
  • Share

Abstract

The concept of ‘time’ is one of the most important and fundamental concepts in human mind and life, which according to the findings of cognitive linguists, is mainly understood and expressed metaphorically in different languages and cultures. The present paper examines the conceptual metaphors of time in Persian and its purpose is to provide a systematic model of the types of conceptual metaphors that Persian speakers use to understand and express the concept of ‘time’. The study is based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980, 1999; Lakoff, 1993) and the theory of image schemas (Johnson, 1987) and its data are mainly extracted from the Hamshahri Corpus (second version) supplemented with data from Internet Google search. The results show that in Persian, the concept of ‘time’ is understood and expressed based on three image schemas of ‘movement’, ‘container’ and ‘object’, and through the conceptual metaphors ‘time is space’, ‘time is an (moving or stationary) object’, ‘time is human’, and ‘time is a container’.

Keywords

  • conceptual metaphor
  • time metaphor
  • Cognitive Semantics
  • metaphorical conceptualization
  • image schema

Main Subjects

  • General linguistics
  • XML
  • PDF 332.43 K
  • RIS
  • EndNote
  • Mendeley
  • BibTeX
  • APA
  • MLA
  • HARVARD
  • CHICAGO
  • VANCOUVER
References
افراشی، آزیتا (1392). ادراک و بازنمود زبانی زمان: تحلیل شناختی. در: مجموعه مقالات همایش زبان‌شناسی و آموزش زبان فارسی، (صص. 107-121). فارس: علوم و تحقیقات فارس.
اکبری، حمیدرضا و صالح‌نژاد، لیلا (1395). استعارة زمان به‌مثابة حرکت در مکان در اشعار سهراب سپهری براساس نظریة معاصر استعاره. مطالعات زبان‌ها و گویش‌های غرب ایران، 3 (12)، 1-16.
حسندخت فیروز، سیما (1388). بررسی استعاره از دیدگاه شناختی در اشعار فروغ فرخزاد. پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد زبان‌شناسی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران.
روشن، بلقیس و وندحسینی، مریم (1395). خطوط زمان در زبان فارسی. مطالعات زبان‏ها و گویش‎‏های غرب ایران، 3 (14): 77-101.
رئیسی، فاطمه، افراشی، آزیتا، نعمت‌زاده، شهین و مقدسین، مریم (1399). استعاره‌های مفهومی زمان در زبان فارسی: رویکردی شناختی-پیکره‌ای. مطالعات زبان‌ها و گویش‌های غرب ایران، 8(1)، 15-29.
سجودی، فرزان و قنبری، زهرا (1391). بررسی معناشناختی استعارۀ زمان در داستان‌های کودک به زبان فارسی (رده سنی الف، ب، ج). نقد ادبی، 5 (19): 135-156.
شرف‌زاده، محمدحسین، علوی، فاطمه و علیمردانی، آسیه (1392). یک رویکرد شناختی به مفهوم استعاری زمان در زبان فارسی. مجموعه مقالات دومین همایش زبان‌‏شناسی و آموزش زبان فارسی. شیراز: دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات فارس.
شکری، یداله و شمسی‌زاده، سمانه (1397). بررسی استعارۀ زمان در تاریخ بیهقی با رویکرد زبان‌شناسی شناختی. مطالعات زبانی بلاغی، 18، 211-232.
کوشکی، فاطمه (1396). بررسی تطبیقی استعارة مفهومی زمان در اشعار ناصرخسرو و اخوان ثالث. مطالعات زبان‌ها و گویش‌های غرب ایران، 5 (19)، 37-61.
محمدنژاد، یوسف و امیرنژاد، نسیم (1399). تحلیل استعارة مفهومی زمان در دیوان شمس تبریزی. بلاغت کاربردی و نقد بلاغی، 5 (2)، 187-198.
منصوری، بهاره (1395). فراگیری استعاره‏های حرکتی زمان در کودکان فارسی‏زبان. رسالة دکتری زبان‌شناسی. پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، تهران.
یوسفی‏راد، فاطمه (1382). بررسی استعارۀ زمان در زبان فارسی: رویکرد معنی‌شناسی شناختی. پایان‌نامة کارشناسی ارشد، تهران: دانشگاه تربیت مدرس.
Alverson, H. (1994). Semantics and experience: Universal metaphors of time in English, Mandarian, Hindi and Sesotho. John Hopkins University Press.
Bergen, B. (2015). Embodiment. In E. Dabrowska & D. Divjak (eds.), Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 10-30). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Boussaid, Y. (2020). A Conceptual Study of Metaphors in Moroccan Tachelhit Variety. Arab World English Journal, 4 (2), 31-55.
El Refaie, E. (2019). Visual metaphor and embodiment in graphic illness narratives. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Epley, N., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2007). On seeing human: A three-factor theory of anthropomorphism. Psychological Review, 114 (4), 864–886.
Evans, V., & Green, M. (2006). Cognitive Linguistics: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd.
Galton, A. (2011). Time flies but space does not: Limits to the spatialization of time. Journal of pragmatics, 43 (3), 695-703.
Gentner, D. (2001). Spatial metaphors in temporal reasoning. In M. Gattis (ed.), Spatial Schemas and Abstract Thought (pp. 203–222). Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Haspelmath, M. (1997). From Space to Time: Temporal Adverbials in the World’s Languages. München: Lincom Europa.
Hedblom, M. M., Kutz, O., & Neuhaus, F. (2015). Choosing the Right Path: Image Schema Theory as a Foundation for Concept Invention. Journal of Artificial General Intelligence, 6(1), 21-54.
Johnson, M. (1987). The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination and Reason. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Kövecses, Z. (2005). Metaphor in Culture: Universality and Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kövecses, Z. (2010). Metaphor: A Practical Introduction (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kövecses, Z. (2018). Metaphor in media language and cognition: A perspective from conceptual metaphor theory. In Lege artis. Language yesterday, today, tomorrow. The journal of University of SS Cyril and Methodius in Trnava. Warsaw: De Gruyter Open, III (1), p. 124-141.
Lakoff, G. (1993). The contemporary Theory of Metaphor. In A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (pp. 202-251). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the flesh: the embodied mind and its challenges to western thought. NY: Basic Books.
Moore, K. E. (2014). The Spatial Language of Time: Metaphor, metonymy, and frames of reference. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Moore, K.E. (2011). Frames and experiential basis of the moving time. Constructions and Frames, 3(1), 80-103.
Núñez, R., & Sweetser, E. (2006). With the future behind them: Convergent evidence from Aymara language and gesture in the cross-linguistic comparison of spatial construals of time. Cognitive Science, 30, 401–450.
Özçaliskan, S. (2002). Metaphors we move by: A Cross-Linguistic-Developmental Analysis of Metaphorical Motion Events in English and Turkish. PhD Dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.
Piata, A. (2019) When Time Passes Quickly: A Cognitive Linguistic Study on Compressed Time, Metaphor and Symbol, 34:3, 167-184.
Radden, G. (2003). The metaphor TIME AS SPACE across language. Zeitschrift fur interkulturellen fremdsprachenunterricht, 8(2), 226-239.
Radden, G. (2011). Spatial time in the West and the East. In Brdar et al. (eds.), Space and Time in Language (pp. 1–40). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Saeed, J. I. (2016). Semantics (4th ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Schmidt, G., & Omazić, M. (2011). Time metaphors in English and Croatian: A corpus-based study. In Brdar et al. (eds.), Space and Time in Language (pp. 235–246). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Shinohara, K. (1999). Epistemology of Space and Time. Japan: Kwansei Gakuin University Press.
Sullivan, K., & Bui, L. T. (2016). With the future coming up behind them: Evidence that Time approaches from behind in Vietnamese. Cognitive linguistics, 27(2), 205-233.
Talmy, L. (2000). Toward a Cognitive Semantics: Volume 1, Concept Structuring Systems. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Xu, X., & Chen, R. (2020). Time metaphor and regulatory focus. European Journal of Marketing, 54 (8), 1-17.
Yu, N. (1999). Spatial conceptualization of time in Chinese. In M. Hiraga, C. Sinha & S. Wilcox (eds.) Cultural, Typological and Psychological Issues in Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 69-84). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Yu, N. (2012). The metaphorical orientation of time in Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics, 44, 1335–1354.
    • Article View: 453
    • PDF Download: 343
Language Studies
Volume 13, Issue 2 - Serial Number 26
autumn & winter
February 2022
Pages 307-233
Files
  • XML
  • PDF 332.43 K
History
  • Receive Date: 21 July 2022
  • Revise Date: 10 September 2022
  • Accept Date: 04 October 2022
Share
How to cite
  • RIS
  • EndNote
  • Mendeley
  • BibTeX
  • APA
  • MLA
  • HARVARD
  • CHICAGO
  • VANCOUVER
Statistics
  • Article View: 453
  • PDF Download: 343

APA

Nouri, Z. , rovshan, B. and Golfam, A. (2022). Metaphorical Model of time in Persian: A corpus-based study. Language Studies, 13(2), 307-233. doi: 10.30465/ls.2022.41621.2061

MLA

Nouri, Z. , , rovshan, B. , and Golfam, A. . "Metaphorical Model of time in Persian: A corpus-based study", Language Studies, 13, 2, 2022, 307-233. doi: 10.30465/ls.2022.41621.2061

HARVARD

Nouri, Z., rovshan, B., Golfam, A. (2022). 'Metaphorical Model of time in Persian: A corpus-based study', Language Studies, 13(2), pp. 307-233. doi: 10.30465/ls.2022.41621.2061

CHICAGO

Z. Nouri , B. rovshan and A. Golfam, "Metaphorical Model of time in Persian: A corpus-based study," Language Studies, 13 2 (2022): 307-233, doi: 10.30465/ls.2022.41621.2061

VANCOUVER

Nouri, Z., rovshan, B., Golfam, A. Metaphorical Model of time in Persian: A corpus-based study. Language Studies, 2022; 13(2): 307-233. doi: 10.30465/ls.2022.41621.2061

  • Home
  • About Journal
  • Editorial Board
  • Submit Manuscript
  • Contact Us
  • Sitemap

News

  • Article Submission & Processing Charges 2024-01-23
  • DOI International Dedication to Articles in the Journal ... 2020-10-31

Newsletter Subscription

Subscribe to the journal newsletter and receive the latest news and updates

© Journal management system. designed by sinaweb