Research original ,Regular Article
Arash Aghabozorgian Masoumkhani; Maryam Iraji; Hayat Ameri
Abstract
Based on the cognitive semantics approach, this research has studied extending, elaborating, questioning, and composing device to describe source-internal creativity in contemporary Persian poetry. The statistical population included a collection of poems from Simin Behbahani, Forough Farrokhzad and ...
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Based on the cognitive semantics approach, this research has studied extending, elaborating, questioning, and composing device to describe source-internal creativity in contemporary Persian poetry. The statistical population included a collection of poems from Simin Behbahani, Forough Farrokhzad and Fereydoun Moshiri poetic notebooks, which were selected by simple random sampling method based on equal proportion (2 poetic notebooks from each poet and 9 poems from each poetic notebooks). Manner of usage and frequency distribution of metaphorical creativity devices have been described and evaluated. The results about manner of usage showed that in addition to the separate use of each device, in some cases, contemporary Persian poets have used them simultaneously to create novel expressions. According to this trend, 15% of the total samples which extracted from the statistical population included the simultaneous usage of some devices. In this case, we found some data that were formed according to dual usage of extending and elaborating, extending and composing, and triple usage of elaborating, questioning and composing. On the other hand, the findings about the frequency of devices indicated that the composing device had the highest usage in the average of total samples. Elaborating, extending and questioning were in next levels.
Review article
General linguistics
moslem ahmadi; yaya hosseinai
Abstract
Common language is one of the most important determinants of the identity and nationality of human groups. It plays a major role in communicating among the various inhabitants of the same land.Persian language and literature, because of its valuable features, has been a central focus of Iranian civilization ...
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Common language is one of the most important determinants of the identity and nationality of human groups. It plays a major role in communicating among the various inhabitants of the same land.Persian language and literature, because of its valuable features, has been a central focus of Iranian civilization and culture and has been a unifying factor. The Qajar period was the starting point for Iran to deal with the outside world.As a result of this encounter, aspects of the distinction between the "self" and the "other" were highlighted. In other words, the notion of 'identity', without necessarily speaking about it, appeared in some written works of the early Qajar period. The two bloody wars and the historicization of Iran and Russia marked the beginning of the introduction of new nationalist and patriotic ideas into Persian poetry.During the Iran-Russia wars, "Habbooten" increasingly became the work of poets and writers of the period, and the geographical territory of the country was read as home to those with an Iranian identity.Fath Ali Khan Saba is one of the most famous and, in a word, the greatest poet of the Iran-Russian wars. By revisiting ancient notions of nationality and patriotism, he has recreated the linguistic identity of Shahanshahnameh in a new way.
Research original ,Regular Article
Ancient Linguistics
mohammad mehdi esmaili
Abstract
The front rounded vowels did not exist in the phonetic system of Old and Middle Iranian lanɡuaɡes, but due to phonetic chanɡes, they are observed in a number of New Iranian lanɡuaɡes and even have a phonemic status in some of them. In fact, it can be said that by chanɡinɡ the number of phonemes ...
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The front rounded vowels did not exist in the phonetic system of Old and Middle Iranian lanɡuaɡes, but due to phonetic chanɡes, they are observed in a number of New Iranian lanɡuaɡes and even have a phonemic status in some of them. In fact, it can be said that by chanɡinɡ the number of phonemes in these lanɡuaɡes, a phonemic split has occurred. Examininɡ this diachronic chanɡe in a number of these lanɡuaɡes, especially in the two varieties of the Central Iranian lanɡuaɡes, this article shows that the most important factor in this chanɡe is the frontinɡ, that is, a sound chanɡe in which a vowel becomes advanced or pronounced farther to the front of the vocal tract than some reference point, which apparently occurred unconditionally in these lanɡuaɡes, althouɡh in some cases other factors such as vowel harmony and roundinɡ of front vowels have also been involved in the formation of these vowels. Another findinɡ of this study indicates that the frontinɡ in some lanɡuaɡes has ɡiven rise to more than one front rounded vowel, the latter of which is the mid (or mid-hiɡh) vowel, which has often been overlooked in previous studies.
Research original ,Regular Article
General linguistics
Sahand Elhami Khorasani
Abstract
AbstractThe current article studies the Relative and Intrinsic Frames of Reference on the horizontal plane in Persian. Authentic data was obtained from five pairs of native speakers playing the standard “Ball & Chair” game (Bohnemeyer, 2008). Analysis of the data showed that the use of ...
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AbstractThe current article studies the Relative and Intrinsic Frames of Reference on the horizontal plane in Persian. Authentic data was obtained from five pairs of native speakers playing the standard “Ball & Chair” game (Bohnemeyer, 2008). Analysis of the data showed that the use of the Relative FoR is prevalent. Nevertheless, the use of Intrinsic FoR is far from scarce. The Intrinsic FoR was used much more with the chair than the ball and the majority of its uses with the chair were Direct, while with the ball only a few were; from this the necessary distinction between the information regarding the location of an object from the information regarding the orientation of it is adduced. Furthermore, the relators of both the Relative and the Intrinsic FoRs are more diverse when used about the ball than when about the chair. The mapping of the coordinates in the Relative FoR is Reflective; in which the front-back axis is reversed, while the left-right axis remains unchanged.
Research original ,Regular Article
General linguistics
Jalal Tabashir; Nahid Yarahmadzehi; Amir Mohamadian
Abstract
The present study investigates mental spaces in children's fictional literature in the Surani dialect of Kurdish language, this study aimed to specify the use of space builders in children's fictional literature and to how it contributes to the conceptualization and transfer of concepts. In this study, ...
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The present study investigates mental spaces in children's fictional literature in the Surani dialect of Kurdish language, this study aimed to specify the use of space builders in children's fictional literature and to how it contributes to the conceptualization and transfer of concepts. In this study, a corpus of children's stories in the Kurdish language including 20 storybooks (10 with male and 10 with female author) was utilised. In a total of 1002 handred sentencse of this books, space builders of different types were found from among which 24 sentences were extracted and carefully analyzed. After reviewing and analyzing these sentences to determine how mental space builders function in creating mental spaces and transferring the concepts, the results of research showed that space builders are a very important issue in understanding and conveying concepts in children's literature. It can also be said that the lack of space builders in the texts of stories causes the reader not to correctly understand the sentences.
Research original ,Regular Article
Ancient Linguistics
Nayere Dalir; esmaeil matloubkari
Abstract
"people" is the most key concept in social history. It was used in the same way in Middle Persian Zoroastrian texts. The aim of the research is a comparative study of the two words of mardōm and bandag in the advisory and jurisprudential legal texts and understanding social relations through it. ...
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"people" is the most key concept in social history. It was used in the same way in Middle Persian Zoroastrian texts. The aim of the research is a comparative study of the two words of mardōm and bandag in the advisory and jurisprudential legal texts and understanding social relations through it. Therefore, based on the linguistic approach, the research raises the main question, which category of texts do each of these two words appear more and how are they applicable to members of society? The authors hypothesize that mardōm was often used in “the advisory texts” and the general sense of the people, both Zoroastrian and non-Zoroastrian, and in contrast, bandag, in the sense of the subject, was used in jurisprudential legal texts. The result of this research is to pay attention to the fact that in “the advisory texts”, mardōm is used as a general term for all members of society regardless of their political or social orientations and is one of the most widely used words that pay attention to the moral status of people regardless of their class status. The use of terms such as šāhān šāh bandag in the jurisprudential legal texts is also related to the political concept of bandag, which can range from the lowest to the highest levels of social order. In contrast, other terms and expressions have been used to discuss the role of community members concerning the members of the community to which they belong and other communities.
Research original ,Regular Article
General linguistics
Fatemeh Zakeri; Fatemeh Behjat; Mohammad Rostampour
Abstract
Perception verbs are important category of verbs in natural languages that express perceptual events related to human and other conscious creatures. The purpose of the present study is to explore the argument structure of perception verbs of hearing in Persian within the framework of Goldberg’s ...
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Perception verbs are important category of verbs in natural languages that express perceptual events related to human and other conscious creatures. The purpose of the present study is to explore the argument structure of perception verbs of hearing in Persian within the framework of Goldberg’s Construction Grammar (1995, 2006). The research data include a collection of 320 sentences of standard Persian extracted from the Hamshahri corpus, Persian Newspaper, (version 2). The results of the data analysis show that the perception verb ‘ʃænidæn’ (to hear), is the most polysemous Perception Verbs of Hearing in Persian that has 5 different meanings: hearing, listening, realizing, obeying, and scenting. In these different meanings, ‘ʃænidæn’ appears in 3 argument structure construction: [SUB + Nominal OBJ], [SUB + clausal OBJ], [SUB + Prepositional OBJ]. The other verbs of hearing also have their own argument structure construction which determines their semantics and syntax, but they are less polysemous than ‘ʃænidæn’. Based on the constructionist approach, it can be concluded that polysemy of the perception verbs of hearing is constructional polysemy which can be explained at the level of abstract and schematic constructions, rather than concrete words.
Research original ,Regular Article
leila rahmatinejad; Mostafa Assi; AliReza Gholi Famian; Masood Ghayoomi
Abstract
Fillmore's “Frame theory” (1982) suggests a major principle in Cognitive Semantics that believes the meanings of words are perceived within a system of knowledge arising from the human's cultural experience. It maintains that “Semantic Frames” display sections of an event used ...
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Fillmore's “Frame theory” (1982) suggests a major principle in Cognitive Semantics that believes the meanings of words are perceived within a system of knowledge arising from the human's cultural experience. It maintains that “Semantic Frames” display sections of an event used for connecting a group of words to a set of meanings. Verbs are present as the most important element in most of the situations of an event and play significant role in the interpretation of the meaning. The purpose of this study is to present a quantitative and corpus-based analysis in order to recognize the semantic frames of “∫odæn” (to become) in Persian within the framework of this theory. Thus, 14 semantic frames were recognized using encyclopedias, Persian contemporary corpora and FrameNet. Then, the concept of “tæɁɢir-e hαlæt dαdæn” (to turn to a state) was determined as the prototype of this verb and the main frame was created.
Research original ,Regular Article
General linguistics
ifa shafaei
Abstract
Tatic languages show an intricate alignment in which tens/aspectual split ergativity co-exists with differential object marking (DOM) in the same system: Ergative only appears on past transitive subjects and agreement is only possible with unmarked subjects. On the other hand, both ergative marking and ...
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Tatic languages show an intricate alignment in which tens/aspectual split ergativity co-exists with differential object marking (DOM) in the same system: Ergative only appears on past transitive subjects and agreement is only possible with unmarked subjects. On the other hand, both ergative marking and accusative marking (on definite/specific objects) are expressed by the same case –oblique. The main theoretical issue that this paper addresses is how to fit together with an analysis of split ergativity and an analysis of DOM in the same language within a dependent case framework. We claim that the fundamental factor which drives the split pattern in these Tatic languages is the phasal status of the v node: Past transitive subjects get oblique dependent case upwardly from the objects inside VP since v is a soft phase head and agreement is only possible with unmarked subjects. The research methods are both field work and library method.
Research original ,Regular Article
General linguistics
behnaz alipourgaskari; nayere hashemi; anita aldaghi
Abstract
Critical discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach that views language as a form of social practice. This approach focuses on both the form and content of the text. CDA is concerned with how power is exercised through language. Research methodology has elected according to theory of Norman ...
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Critical discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach that views language as a form of social practice. This approach focuses on both the form and content of the text. CDA is concerned with how power is exercised through language. Research methodology has elected according to theory of Norman Fairclough, as one of the founders of critical discourse analysis. His theory specially concerned with the mutual effects of formally linguistic textual properties, sociolinguistic speech genres, and sociological practice. This paper tries to analyze the poems of Boyuk Maleki, one of the prominent adolescent poet, for four decades (1360-1390) in Iran. Adolescent group poetry is one of the most widely in contemporary poetry which, rarely critics have been examined from the stand point of Critical discourse analysis. In this paper has been examined maleki`s poetry in three levels include of description, interpretation, and explanation. Moreover has been focused on literary aspects as well as social practice. The conclusion of this paper is that the worldview, social view and ideology of Maleki has been excessively developed in the four decades of his poetry. According to CDA using the selected words, humanistic themes and peaceful attitudes and its link with the religious concepts, in his poetry, opened up a new world in the eyes of the adolescent audience.
Research original ,Regular Article
General linguistics
Alireza Keyvani; Mohammad Reza Oroji; Sakineh Jafari; Siros Izadpanah
Abstract
The present article dealt with the effect of neuro-linguistic programming on the independent variables of autonomy and motivation of foreign learners of Persian. Neuro-linguistic programming refers to a view in which a person is a complete system of mind and body. The research method was quasi-experimental ...
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The present article dealt with the effect of neuro-linguistic programming on the independent variables of autonomy and motivation of foreign learners of Persian. Neuro-linguistic programming refers to a view in which a person is a complete system of mind and body. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test. Participants were selected based on non-random sampling, availability, and manageability, but were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. The purpose of this study was to answer the question of whether neuro-linguistic programming techniques had a significant effect on students' autonomy and motivation. Statistical analyses included calculating the reliability of the level determination test, mean and standard deviation of scores (descriptive statistics) and the validity of the two assessors in the experimental stage and the conversation part in the post-test were calculated using Pearson test and dispersion according to normality. In the analysis of Hypotheses, MANCOVA was used to examine the differences in the mean scores of the control and experimental groups in the pretest and posttest. The tool of statistical analysis of this research was SPSS statistical software (version 25). The results showed that the Neuro-linguistic programming techniques could improve PFL learners’ levels of motivation and autonomy.
Research original ,Regular Article
parisa najafi; faride haghbin
Abstract
There is a section in the case law that deals with "expert theory." The interesting thing about these theories is that many of them are challenged and different opinions may be presented to the judge by experts about a single event. In the present article, an attempt is made to find out the cause of ...
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There is a section in the case law that deals with "expert theory." The interesting thing about these theories is that many of them are challenged and different opinions may be presented to the judge by experts about a single event. In the present article, an attempt is made to find out the cause of the existing contradictions in the opinion of experts. The main question of the research is what are the components of "expert theory" as a judicial discourse and whether the existence of contradiction in the theories of experts depends on these components. In order to answer the above questions, the authors discussed expert theories in nineteen court cases related to work accidents and car accidents in Shiraz (2018-2019). The findings confirm that in addition to the narrative and anti-narrative components, expert theory also has a "stance" component and its linguistic characteristics are evident in theories, and these personal stances cause differences in theories. Finally, the authors suggest that in formulating expert theories, more emphasis be placed on the anti-narrative aspect so that this court approach can reach a specialized decision more quickly, reduce the differences between theories, and ultimately avoid spending extra time and money.
Research original ,Regular Article
General linguistics
Mohammad Javad erfani; narges kochaki
Abstract
According to the teachings of relevance theory, understanding the meaning of the speaker in metaphor is an inferential process that is defined based on the construction of a ad hoc concept of metaphor. This concept is created by semantic adjustments of the word according to the context and is considered ...
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According to the teachings of relevance theory, understanding the meaning of the speaker in metaphor is an inferential process that is defined based on the construction of a ad hoc concept of metaphor. This concept is created by semantic adjustments of the word according to the context and is considered as an explicit content of the text. The ad hoc concept has encyclopaedic information the of both sides of metaphor, but it may have emergent property that emerged during the interpretation. The emergence of emergent property in metaphor leads to the inference of weak implications that vary from audience to audience, but within the framework of the principle of optimal relevance and relevance-theoretic comprehension heuristic. This article has tried to examine the understanding of the meaning of the narrator in metaphor in a descriptive-analytical way, using examples from Qaisar Aminpour's poetry. The research results show that the presence of a ad hoc concept in Qaisar Aminpour's poetic metaphors has created a range of weak implications that have expanded the range of different interpretations of his poetry and based on the type of ideological attitudes and specific philosophical views. He is justifiable to the world. This has made the readers more interested in the poetry of Qaisar Aminpour and made it more influential.
Research original ,Regular Article
Ancient Linguistics
faezeh Aghighi; zohreh zarshenas; farzaneh Goshtasb
Abstract
It has a remarkable and rich background, advisory writing in Iran, and inter alia, the pieces of evidence of that are the surviving advisories from the Sassanid period. Several factors in the first few centuries AH necessitated the advisory writing. It seems that, in the meantime, most of the authors ...
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It has a remarkable and rich background, advisory writing in Iran, and inter alia, the pieces of evidence of that are the surviving advisories from the Sassanid period. Several factors in the first few centuries AH necessitated the advisory writing. It seems that, in the meantime, most of the authors of the early Persian advisories in Islamic Iran have tried to revive the concepts of ancient culture and tradition in an Islamic form and appearance. In terms of theme and standard character, the study of these advisories reveals significant points in this field. In the present article, an attempt has been made to examine the Anoushirvan's Pandnamah or Rahat Al-Insan, from these two viewpoints. The examination of the background of this type of research showed that this document has not been analyzed from these two aspects so far.. The advisory covers topics ranging from spiritual counseling to the acquisition of moral virtues and the skill of social behavior. The standard characters used in this advisory are mostly historical, mythical, and epic characters belonging to ancient Iran such as Anoushirvan, Kavad, as well as Ardashir, and so on. The methodology of the article is a library .
