Language Studies

Abstract .

Abstract Multiple meanings are among the issues that, according to the tradition of linguistic studies, can be proposed in the semantic section of grammar and as a topic in semantic studies. In the situation where a linguistic unit finds multiple meanings, one of the important areas of investigating multiple meanings in the cognitive approach is the study of sensory verbs that are related to the functioning of the five senses.

The current study presents the cognitive semantics approach with descriptive-analytical method, an analysis on the polysemy of the verb "smell" as one of the sensory verbs in Persian based on the data of the bodies and site of Ganjur based on the model of Likaf (1987).

At this stage, 202 sentences were used from the Persian language database, which were categorized based on expanded meanings. Since sensory verbs are the result of physical and social experiences, they become the basis for our understanding of abstract concepts.For this reason, we see the broad concepts of the verb "smell" and this semantic network can be used in teaching Persian to non-Persian speakers

Abstract In this article, based on Gumperz’s (1982) view of prosodies as contextualization tools, we study tone of voice in characterization. First dialogues of an actor (Javad Ezzati) are chosen from Iranian films and series, playing both positive and negative roles. Then the dialogues are transcribed in North American Phonetic Alphabet and are studied based on Jeffersonian conversational analysis symbols to categorize different prosodic characteristics of the actor’s voice in different roles. It is assumed that prosodies are one of the most important tools available to the actors to reconstruct a particular character and enliven the character in order to pursue the narrative. In all, positive roles show low volume, low pitch, breathy quality and distinct pronunciation and negative roles show high pitch, high volume, balancing speed and pause to keep the turn and to represent higher status.

Abstract In this article, the agreement and case systems of Pashto (the Standard dialect of Afghanistan) were examined with the purpose of determining its typological features. To achieve this goal, a grammatical study of agreement and case systems was performed, and the role of these two systems in determining the type of Pashto language was examined. The Pashto language has both agreement and case systems. According to the agreement and case systems in the non-past tense, Pashto is known as a nominative-accusative language. However, in the past tense, due to the agreement and case systems, it is called ergative -absolutive. Therefore, the Pashto language is neither completely nominative-accusative nor unanimously ergative -absolutive. Languages that have such a feature are called split type. in compound verbs, three types of agreement were introduced, including the agreement of the compound verb with the subject, agreement of the compound verb with the object, and simultaneous agreement of the compound verb with both subject and object. This type of agreement was detected in the future tense, present perfect imperative verbs, as well as interrogative, exclamatory, and vocative verbs in the present perfect tense.

Abstract "Conceptualization" is a dynamic process based on which language units serve conceptual operations and background knowledge. Cognitive science experts consider language structure to be a direct reflection of cognition; Accordingly, a single word can have different conceptualizations in different situations. Schemas, as one of the tools of cognition, are general concepts that are created from the internalization of lived experiences and are responsible for organizing, interpreting and exchanging information. Pragmatic micro-schemas are micro-schemas that are called depending on the situational and functional context. This research, paying attention to the macro-schema of self-destruction, seeks to classify the pragmatic micro-schemas and their corresponding conceptualizations. The scope of the current research is children's stories with the theme of self-destruction. Each of the stories is considered as a pragmatic and objective situation for calling a specific micro-schemas of the macro-scheme of self-destruction. The present research with analytical-descriptive method aims to answer how to conceptualize the self-destruction scheme in the situational contexts of children's stories. The result of the research introduces five pragmatic schemas as five different conceptual bases: schemas of discontinuity, continuity, individual discontinuity-continuity, collective discontinuity-continuity, and unwanted discontinuity. For the first time, this article focuses on self-destruction in children's literature

Abstract The concepts of Determinism and Free Will have always been among the most complex philosophical issues in global religious history, including within Iran. These ideas also hold a prominent role within Zoroastrianism. Given its ancient and diverse history, Zoroastrianism has been influenced by various religions and intellectual currents, leading to contrasting intellectual articulations. The intricate complexities of Determinism and Free Will, combined with the ambiguities of ancient Iranian religion, have given rise to meaningful concepts born from these ideological conflicts. One significant concept within Mazdyasna (Zoroastrianism) is that of Satisfaction (hūnsandī), which directly correlates with Determinism and Free Will. This research briefly reviews these concepts within Mazdyasna, focusing on hūnsandī and its surrounding intellectual currents as presented in Avestan and Pahlavi texts. Upon exploration, it appears that each distinct thought stream related to hūnsandī likely leans towards either Determinism or Free Will.

Abstract Introduction: Many studies have shown that stuttering is influenced by various linguistic factors in different ways. This research is aimed at investigating the effect of neighborhood density (number of words that are phonologically similar to a target word) on stuttering frequency in Persian speaking children who stutter (CWS).

Method: This study was carried out on 18 Persian language CWS ranging in age from 4 to 8 year old in Tehran selecting by convenience sampling. Neighborhood density evaluated by two tasks which designed by researchers: 29 picture naming and 8 sentence repetition samples. Stimuli were selected from both CVC and CVCC syllable structures with similar frequencies of occurrence and with the same number in both dense and sparse group.

Result: The result indicated that among 576 stimuli obtained from participants 45.83% of stuttered words are sparse and 54.16% are dense. So stuttered words were fewer in sparse words than dense words but difference is not significant (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The result seems to suggest that neighborhood density caused more competitions between similar phonological words, so sparse words are presumably more difficult,less accurate and slower to access. Then it makes increasing frequency of stuttering.

Abstract The current study investigates two realism and surrealism Persian novels, Jazire Sargardani and Rud ‘e Ravi with cognitive stylistics framework. One of the purposes of thi study is to use a new way of analysis of texts in Persian novels and Also making a link between cognitive linguistics and literary studies that leads to new aspect for literary analysis. From cognitive concepts, conceptual metaphor is being used. The data were extracted separately and manually from each novel. From gathered data those that had most frequency and were representative of style were chosen. With the comparative study of the two novels we can state that conceptual metaphors happened significantly more in Rud ‘e Ravi than in Jazire Sargardani. With the analyses of conceptual metaphors in Jazire Sargardani we can see that this novel noticeably used the concept ‘human’ for conceptualization in source domain. Also concepts in target domains were things found in nature. In Rud ‘e Ravi used personification for surreal objects in story. Other result of the study was place of occurrence of conceptual metaphors.

Abstract Focusing on LOVE ,, this study tries to make a connection between linguistic and cultural aspects of emotional concepts and semiotics of translation through an interdisciplinary approach using Ecco (2003) and Torop (2003) to evaluate the use of suggested strategies in cultural translation in case of emotion concepts and their cultural aspects, and answer to these questions: what are the cultural differences in English and Persian due to using LOVE’s equivalences and what strategies does a translator use to transfer the same meaning to the readers in target language.

18 related words to LOVE were chosen in 4 English novels according to Johnson-Laird and Oatley (1989) and analyzed in comparison with their equivalences in Persian. 12 items have an exact equivalence in Persian but 6 items have not due to cultural aspects. According to the findings, words like ardour, longing, tenderness, crush, affinity and dote on have greater roll in , and instead components like commitment to the lover, and marriage are more significant in Persian. So the translator use strategies like interpreting the word’s concept in target language, additioning and using coordinated phrases and using figures of speech existed in target language with respect to the cultural context .

Abstract The most important concept of religions is “creation” which can shows the most important part of their followers' worldview. Gāhān is a part of Avesta which considers creation more than other part, such a way that, it can be said creation is the main contents of Gāhān. As regards that creation has been studied from the perspective of mythology. So it seems important to display Gāhān approach to creation. Expressions such as “generating”, “creating” and “constructing” were used to express the quality of creation and each of them had a special view of the creation in different conditions. In order to clarify creation quality in Gāhān, in this paper the "creation" concept will be studied according to these three words and, by comparing their application it will be deduced that there was a belief in the existence of three different stages of creation that started with “generating” then its requirements were donated and finally its components were constructed and the first generating was called as “primal existence” and it belonged only to Ohrmazd. Such an attitude shows a mystical view of creation.

Abstract since transitivity is among the most important concepts in grammar and discourse, focusing on how it is acquired can respond to many problems in the field of language acquisition. According to studies, children are able to use transitive verbs and produce new transitive structures in their speech from the age of three years old. This study aims to investigate the cognition level, to which the children reach that enables them to produce and understand transitive sentences in their speech. For this purpose, a collection of 100 declarative clauses used by four Persian-speaking children was examined. Descriptive-analytical method was used to analyze the data. The cognitive analysis of this finding revealed that a child, around the age of one, has seen and memorized scenes of daily life for many times. Gradually, they decompose the scenes they have seen into their constituent components and relate each component to a linguistic elements. Finally, they use syntactic tools such as word order (linear order of linguistic elements) to identify the role of each component. Also, child as spectator with objectifation and highlighting of subjects in the sentences, encodes the sentences in the realm of energy production and always use subject before object.

Abstract The current study investigated the topic and focus in simple Persian sentences using a descriptive-analytical method within the framework of lexical-functional grammar proposed by Bresnan et al. (2016) based on the endocentric and exocentric structure of Persian. According to the findings, during the process of topicalization and focalization in simple sentences, the NP with the subject function, the NP with the object function (with "ra"), and the PP with the oblique function in the c-structure are placed in the specifier of IP, and there is no need to consider empty categories in their canonical position because the nominal predication of the mentioned phrases, moreover, receives its grammatical function exocentrically through morphological components and also receives a discourse function in the f-structure, and the well-formedness conditions are observed in this way. Also, the NP with an object function (without "ra") is placed in the specifier of IP during focalization, but because it lacks morphological components to receive the grammatical function and depends on the position endocentrically, an empty category based on the principle of economy is considered in the complement position of the verb in the c-structure, so that the well-formedness conditions are observed through inside-out functional application in the f-structure.

Abstract Elam is a well-known name for researchers as a cultural and political power in the Ancient Near East and a historical period full of ups and downs. The cultural remains of this historical period have been well identified in archaeological excavations. This evidence confirms the existence of the government and the land referred to in the Bible as "ʿElam". Centuries before archaeological excavations and translations of cuneiform texts, references to the land and rule of "ʿElam" were made in the Bible. Over the years, Iranian and non-Iranian researchers have done much research on this period, and several sites have been excavated. Despite the volume of studies related to this historical period, there is a point, and it is a theoretical difference that exists between Iranian scholars in the meaning, origin and form of writing the name of Elam, especially in writing it with "الف" / "ع". In this article, we will discuss why this is the case and provide suggestions on it;because it seems appropriate for researchers to use a single form in writing the name of this historical period.