Language Studies

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluateone the communicative skills, discourse, in adult right and left hemispheres damaged Persian speaking patients due to cerebrovascular accident (CVA) using the Persian version of the Montreal Protocol for the Evaluation of Communication (M.E.C.).

Findings indicated that damage to the right and left hemispheres of the brain leads to discourse impairments. However, damages to the right hemisphere increases the severity of linguistic impairments more than damages to the left hemisphere. All patients who had the weakest performance in the sub-tests of protocol skills, their temporal lobe was damaged. In RHD, those patients who had the weakest performance in the sub-tests of protocol skills, their damages were located in the temporal lobe. As a result, it seems that damage to the temporal lobe in the right hemisphere of the brain leads to impaired discourse skills. In LHD group, damages to the frontotemporal and temporal-parietal areas in the left hemisphere of the brain cause some impaiments to the discourse skills of LHD patients. Therefore, based on these datas, it may be claimed that there is a direct relationship between the degree of impairments of discourse and pragmatic skills and the location of the brain lesion.

Abstract discovering meanings and representation is fruitful and accurate. Accordingly, the study of semantic relations is one of the main components of semantics in showing linguistic and semantic techniques, the theoretical basis of the present study in the study of Hafez's Divan has been considered as the body under study. In the present study, which uses a descriptive-analytical method, the aim was to explain and analyze how the semantic relations of words, their frequency and their effect on the coherence of the text and the circulation around the core. The result of this research shows that his poems are used to teach language to Persian language learners due to the high frequency of various semantic relations and the element of repetition at the lexical, phrase and sentence level, and this feature is seen in it. Also, the existence of semantic relations of words in the vertical axis of each sonnet indicates the textual coherence in the studied sonnets. According to the analysis of various semantic relationships, which is another feature of this study, the frequency of the polysemous component, which due to its inclusion in the literary industry, seemed to be more applicable, is lower than expected.

Abstract The aim of this comparative research is to investigate the polysemy of “head-compounds” in Persian and English and to identify the constructional schemas governing the construction of these compounds based on Construction Morphology (Booij, 2010). To this end, all compounds consisting of “head” as their first constituent were collected from different Persian and English sources. Our data consist of 300 compound words collected from Comprehensive Sokhan Dictionary, Zansoo Dictionary, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Online Merriom-Webster, Collins, and Cambridge Dictionaries. Then the collected compounds were semantically categorized and their similarities and differences were examined. The findings showed that the polysemy in these compounds could be explained not at the level of words, but at the level of abstract constructions and constructional schemas in both languages. Therefore, it was considered as a type of constructional polysemy. Moreover, it was found that although there were similar constructional schemas and subschemas for "head-compounds” in both languages, the semantic variations and the number of subschemas in Persian were more than that of English. This difference indicated that the schematic hierarchy of the construction [Head-X] in Persian was more semantically complex and more extended compared to English.

Abstract In the present study Azeri Turkish noun phrase construction is investigated in the framework of Role and Reference Grammar and Van Valin's (2005) theoretical pattern. In this descriptive analytical study, the data was selected from written resources and by listening to the conversations of the Azeri-speaking inhabitants of eastern Azerbaijan and only sentences containing complex and compound nominal phrases were selected by purposive sampling.Data analyses revealed that complex nominal phrase consists of restrictive clauses, nonrestrictive clauses and nominal complements.Relationship in restrictive relative group is of subordinative type and the link is of nucleus type.Due to this point that nonrestrictive relative clauses don`t transfer essential information for recognizing noun to listener and haven`t semantically close relationship with nominal nucleus, relationship in this type of noun phrase is subordinative and the link is of nominal core type.Constructions that have nominal complement have a clause as an argument of nominal nucleus core.The type of relationship in this noun phrase is of subordinative type and the link is of nominal nucleus core type.Compound nominal phrase consists of conjunctive nominal phrases,endocentric,exocentric and appositive.And also, Studying of noun phrase construction based on Role and Reference Grammar,we can refer to points that are specific to this ....

Abstract Based on Manichean Middle Iranian texts and with a textological approach, the present article tries to define the meaning and usage of some termini tecnichi in Manichean angelology, especially the words “angel” (frystg, fryštg) and “apostle, messenger” (frystg, fryštg). The use of a word for two meanings and/ or two concepts in the Manichaica was a result of the redefinition that each of the different Manichaean communities presented of the two concepts “angel” and “apostle, messenger”. The article shows that the Iranian term frys/štg has been redefined and expanded in meaning in Manichaean literature under the influence of Syriac writings; A redefinition that could create an angel from an apostle/ a messenger and a king from the angel. Here, we also examined the termini tecnichi Lord, God, Son of the God, and showed in what contexts these terms appear and what examples they refer to. Our study shows that all these were used not only for angels and historical characters (like Mani and Manichaean leaders and electi, as well as previous apostles), but also included at least one of Manichaean gods, i.e. “Third Messenger”.

Abstract In semantics cognitive of Lakoff and Johnson (1980), metaphor is one of the abstract conceptions of thought and language. Metaphor is an active process in cognitive system and is one of the main ways of human perceptions from surrounding environment. This research is to explaine the available concepts of Turkish speakers in using flowers in daily conversatios and specify their views to these concepts and phenomenons of flowers names, also their sourse and destination domain. The data of this research was collected by interviewing from 30 Turkish speakers which finally 13 useful flowers names were considered and their sourse and destination domains were presented; also, the cultural attitude of the speakers towards the names of the flowers was shown through conceptualization and categorization by drawing diagrams. The research findings indicate that the names of the flowers have entered the Turkish language and speakers use them to describe someone or something metaphorically; so that the use of these words has a relatively higher frequency of occurrence compared to other natural phenomena. This research can be useful for linguists, translators of Turkish to Persian languages and vice versa, poets and writers.

Abstract The cultural ground of metaphors has been one of the important topics in metaphor studies in the past few decades and has always been a primary focus of metaphor researchers. In the current research, which aims to investigate the relationship between metaphor and culture, the metaphorical conceptualization of topics related to the war in the book "When the moonlight disappeared" (Hessam, 2014) has been studied with regard to the cultural context of the society. The analysis of metaphors used to express concepts such as war, front, martyrdom, and insider and enemy forces within the framework of conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980, 1999; Lakoff, 1993) shows that the author has used several conceptual metaphors to express these concepts most of which have a cultural ground and are influenced by the author's Islamic attitudes and beliefs. Among these metaphors are "martyrdom is a journey/flight/path", "martyrdom is an exam", "martyrdom is a wage", "the front is Karbala" and "the front is heaven/hell". These findings, in line with the view of cognitive linguists, show that metaphors have a cultural basis in addition to bodily basis, and one way to know a culture is to know its cultural metaphors.

Abstract In this research, the name of the book ShikandGumānīkVichār and the reason for naming the book with this name are examined. As MardānFarōkha mentioned in the 10th chapter of his book, he traveled to India, and it can be assumed that he wrote the book after his trip to India and gave the name of the book in Hindī or Gujarātī language. In this research, the name of the book and the reason for its naming will be searched and investigated in Hindī and Gujarātī languages and ِDastur Neryosang's Sanskrit translation. According to the findings, after traveling to India, Mardān Farōkha has settled there and has written the book in India and he named the book in Gujarātī as Skaṇdagumānīgujāra, and the reason for writing and naming the book, which Mardān Farōkha mentioned as pa gumą vazārī i nō āmōžagą, also gumān vicārī/wacārī is in Gujarātī language. It was also found in this research that specific names such as "Ādarpādyāvandān", which MardānFarōkha mentions from his book as one of the sources he used, and the name of the author himself and a person named "Mihirayār" who raised questions in the book, are among the names of the Pārsīs of India.

Abstract Therapeutic discourse is a special type of organizational discourse that is used in patients' psychotherapy. The present study seeks to find the principles of how to end conversations in a therapeutic situation using the conversation analysis approach. In particular, it examines therapeutic discourse of treatment sessions for patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) based on the Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) approach. The method used in this research is based on the logic of qualitative research. The linguistic corpus used in this research included the last 10 minutes of conversations of 252 psychotherapy sessions. Participants in this study were selected from both genders. To analyze the data, methods of conversation analysis, word counting and finding keywords in the text have been used. Also, ATLAS t.i. computer software has been used to construct and present the verbal pattern. The results of this study show that in all sessions, the psychotherapist has announced the end of the conversation due to his/her active nature in the psychotherapy sessions. The application of all techniques related to the completion of conversations was in accordance with the principles and foundations of psychotherapy interviews. Also, the use of goodbye terms has originated from the culture of Iranian society.

Abstract This article is a descriptive-analytical research based on the theory of conceptual metaphor, which examines the conceptual metaphors of the field of fear in three literary works from different languages, Sang Sabbour (Persian), Sound and Fury (English) and Miramar (Arabic). The findings of the research show that all three authors jointly used the Specific metaphor "FEAR ARE OBJECTS" and this can be a confirmation of the universality of conceptual metaphors. But in relation to Generic- level metaphors in these stories, it was found that Sadegh Chubak and Najib Mahfouz in Persian and Arabic stories have benefited the most from the Generic- level metaphor "EMOTIONS ARE OBJECTS", while Faulkner has used the most in the English story, Sound and Fury. Equally, it uses the Generic- level metaphors "EMOTIONS ARE LOCATIONS" and "EMOTIONS ARE FORCES". The difference between Persian and Arabic stories with English story points to the culture-specificity of Generic - level metaphors.

Abstract In the present research, the concept of alienable possession in Persian language is investigated within the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) framework. In this theory, the only semantic prime related to the concept of possession is ‘(IS) MINE’, which is claimed to be the basis of all linguistic expressions related to the concept of possession. The purpose of the research is to test the correctness of this claim in Persian language by examining linguistic expressions related to alienable possession. The results of the research show that the possessive expressions with the structure ‘mɑl-e X (ʔæst)’ (such as ‘mɑl-e kæsi/ʃomɑ/Rezɑ ʔæst’) are all derived from the semantic prime ‘mɑl-e mæn (ʔæst)’ and the phrasal possessive construction ‘X-e Y’ (such as ‘ketɑb-e Mæhʃid’) can be described based on this prime. Also, after examining the possessive verbs ‘dɑdæn’, ‘dɑʃtæn’ and ‘dozdidæn’ which are related to alienable possession, it was found that these verbs can be described using the semantic prime ‘mɑl-e mæn (ʔæst)’ too. Therefore, this semantic prime plays a key role in expressing the concept of alienable possession in Persian.

Abstract cognition is an active process that leads to the emergence of language strategies . These strategies are constantly producing, reproducing, moving, transforming, deleting, replacing, or generating other cognitive species. Accordingly, cognition cannot be considered merely an element for the transmission of information; Rather, it should be seen as a process that acts by influencing, distorting or completing information or changing the direction of its transition cycle. In the system of cognitive discourse, persuasion leads to victory of someone over another; Because reasoning can change a belief. The main purpose of this article is to examine the change of action-oriented discourse to tension-oriented discourse in Iran economy with a semiotic-semantic approach in the framework of critical discourse analysis. In this article, in order to become more familiar with the persuasive action discourse system in recent economic crisis of Iran we investigated a text produced by Mahmoud Bahmani, Governor of the Central Bank of the 10th government on February 26, 2012. The results showed that the observance or non-adherence of economic actors to the persuasive discourse system to express the truth in economic texts can be considered as an effective factor in the living conditions of people.