Language Studies

Abstract Abstract
Ardā Vīrāf Nāmag or Ardā Vīrāz Nāmag is one of the most well-known Pahlavi works that has been translated into different languages, one of these translations, included in Darab Hormazyar's Persian Rivayats, is a Zoroastrian Persian version composed by Anoshirvan Marzban Kermani in seventeenth century A. D. There are other Persian versions of it in verse and prose, including Ardā Vīrāf Nāme versified by Zartusht Bahram Pjjdu, which according to Anoshirvan was not complete and parts of which he has left unsaid; Therefore, in order to complete the text, Anushirvan himself versified it with the same rhythm of Zartusht’s. There are subjects in Anoshirvans’ Ardā Vīrāf Nāme that are not found in any other versions. He has paid more attention to topics such as myths and mythical characters than the Pahlavi and Persian versions. Anoshirvans’ Ardā Vīrāf Nāme is very important as one of the examples of Zoroastrian Persian poetry, whose content, literary and linguistic features have been studied in this research.

Abstract Abnormality is one of the most effective methods of language prominence and familiarity in poetry that poets have always used. The evolution and literature of the language of poetry is realized by transcending the rules of standard language and benefiting from unconventional constructions, and due to the repetition of a prominent feature in the poetic expression, it also becomes a stylistic recognition and identity. One of the types of abnormalities with which the poet achieves the creation and creativity of the literary work is the grammatical abnormality, which has become a recurring feature of his poems in Farrokhi's poetry. Therefore, what is examined in this study; Explaining the role of abnormality in Farokhi's poetry by studying the text and analyzing the content using a qualitative-descriptive framework in Farokhi's poems. The achievement of the article shows that it is important that, firstly, highlighting in the grammatical field of language with the way sentences are arranged, disrupting the directional order of words in the axis of companionship and also his creative insight into language acquisition and mechanisms, transcendental movement of Farrokhi poetic language two show that among the grammatical aberrations examined, the most prominent ones have occurred in the field of verbs.

Abstract  The main question of the study is determining the status of thematic structure in declarative clauses in the writings of advanced non- Iranian Persian learners and determining the status of markedness. This study is corpus based and done by a descriptive and analytic method. The corpus includes 49 models of writing of advanced non-Iranian Persian learners of different nationalities who have studied at Persian Language Center of Imam Khomeini International University. To do this study, at first, the thematic structure was studied in declarative clauses in the writings of Persian learners, then the kinds of themes as the point of textual, interpersonal and experiential were determined. After that, unmarked and marked themes were determined. Finally, the obtained data was presented using descriptive statistics. The findings indicated that the frequency of using experiential and multiple themes in declarative clauses was equal (each 43%). Additionally, the frequency of clause themes was 14%. Among the multiple themes, textual- experiential theme had the most frequency (88/43%). The findings also confirmed the hypothesis that the most of the themes (81%) was unmarked and the frequency of using unmarked themes in declarative clauses in the writings of advanced non-Iranian Persian learners was different in various nationalities.

Abstract In order to prevent the extinction of languages, it seems necessary to pay attention to the interactions of languages and to recognize linguistic changes according to the existing conditions along with other factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of morpho-syntactic hegemony of Farsi language on the Mazandarani language. The hypothesis of the research is that Farsi has hegemonic power on local languages, and this research seeks to answer the question whether Farsi language is morpho-syntactically superior on Saravi variety of the Mazandarani language? This research is a descriptive and analytical field study in addition to analyzing the data, examines the effect of social factors such as age and geographical location as independent variables on morphology and syntax of Mazandarani; as a dependent variable. In the present study, the questionnaire,interview and observation toolshave been used, and a classical sampling of 53 people, were randomly selected from urban and rural areas of Sari. The results show that the Mazandarani language is about to become Persianized by interfering with processes such as analogy and over generalization in different generations. Identification of Factors can be used by language sociologists and language planners.

Abstract The always green stock market of the first half of the 2020, despite the precaution of the experts, caught the eyes of many unfamiliar investors to invest in the stock market whose final and fatal downfall left a lot of such people bereft of almost all what they had; this subject, discussed in https://tejaratnews.com led to sometimes impolite behavior of the readers. The study adopts Neurauter-Kessels’ framework (2011) to identify the types of FTAs and Bousfield (2008) model of impoliteness as well as his taxonomy of addressee’s reaction to face attacks and impolite behaviors that are targeting other users to answer 1. Which kind of FTAs is the most prevalent? 2. Which type of impoliteness is mostly used by the users and 3. What kind of reactions did the addressees show in facing with these FTAs? The findings show that lack of consistency and direct impoliteness are the most widely used FTA and impoliteness. Facing FTAs and impoliteness, the addressees react offensively most of the time, though they sometimes react defensively as well. The research is of importance because it investigates the FTAs and impolite behaviors in the online interactions and uses some new research findings as its theoretical basis.

Abstract Metaphor, which in the classical sense was a poetic tool for decorating the word, was introduced as the basis of thinking with the advent of cognitive linguistics. In this view, abstract things are understood in the form of tangible things, which are called conceptual metaphors. In this descriptive and analytic-descriptive study, the conceptual metaphor of infantile poetry was investigated in this study. . The results show that 51 cases of conceptual metaphor were used in the studied works, 38 of which were conceptualized with the help of "sweet" and 13 with "bitter" taste. Areas of origin These metaphors are "sweet and bitter" and areas of destination are "the good or the bad feeling of different things". Because 1. most metaphors are conceptualized by the children's favorite taste; 2. they are all ontological in accordance with children's view of the world; 3. with the most tangible evidence; The poets have been successful in adapting their poetic atmosphere to the children's morals and have composed poetry in accordance with their childlike tastes.

Abstract This study is performed using a library-based method, in which a list of different meanings of hearing verbs was provided and later classified to meaning labels. The next step was to extract examples from Persian Language Data Base (PLDB), which is a 100 million word corpus of Persian texts. According to the contemporary corpus, there are 11 meanings for /ʃeniːdæn/, 6 meanings for /ʃenoftæn/, 3 meanings for /ɡuːʃ dadæn/, 4 meanings for /ɡuːʃ kærdæn/ and 5 meanings for /ni:juʃi:dæn/. Based on the historical corpus, there are 11 meanings for / ʃeniːdæn/, 1 for /ʃenoftæn/, 2 for /ɡuːʃ dadæn/, 2 for /ɡuːʃ kærdæn/ and 2 meanings for /ni:juʃi:dæn/.Using the meaning frequencies, resulting from the meanings in their context, made it possible to draw the semantic network for “to hear” and “to listen”. The results obtained from this study can make possible the cross-linguistic comparison of meanings of hearing verbs in similar research conducted on other languages and be used in lexicography and teaching Persian to non-Persian speakers.

Abstract The aim of this research is to explore the common metaphors in the Turkish Qashqai Dialect within the frame work of Cognitive Semantics and based on Evans and Green Schematic Model (2006), in order to express conceptualization of the speakers of various experience during their lives. Proverbs are indicator of though, culture, identity, taste and talent of speakers of language, therefore their preservation, study and investigation in the language studies are of high importance. On the other hand, Image Schemas, provide a link between physical experience and more complex cognitive domains as language. Given that, to the best of our knowledge no research has been done about the function of Image Schema in Turkish Qashqai proverbs, this type of researche is necessary. The present study was done through descriptive–inductive method, and the data were collected based on field study and empirical research. The result of this study showed that the overall schema types specified in Green and Evans Model (2006), including: Space, Containment, Locomotion, Force, Balance,Identity, and Existence, were traced in proverb of Turkish Qashqai Dialect and the most frequently used image schema was Containment and after that Locomotion image schema and the least frequently used was Balance image schema.

Abstract The signs of a language cut out the phenomena in a special way, and each sign highlights the part of a phenomenon. This issue arises from the voluntary nature of the signs and the basis for the formation of the identity and common understanding of a group of the world. Accordingly, the users of a language see the world from an all-encompassing perspective, like their fellow speakers. Therefore, the user of a language, before he can learn and think about the native language of his country, if he is assigned to learn a foreign language, will know a part of the world with the sign parts of that foreign language and may suffer from identity disorders. This, in a general approach, also accelerates the process of forming a forty-piece identity. Accordingly, in this article, we try to discuss the teaching of foreign languages ​​to children, which has become ubiquitous in our time, with a delay on the voluntary nature of signs and the place of language in the formation of identity. Research shows that teaching children foreign languages ​​disrupts their world-images and deprives children of the ability to think soundly in the national language. Such a child sees a part of the world through the lens of a foreign language he has learned and another part with the help of the official language of his country, and becomes an example of the phenomenon of "forty-piece identity".

Abstract I’lāl rules in Arabic morphology which refer to the pronunciation of mu’tal words (words that have a semivowel as one or two of their three-consonantal roots) linguistically constitute part of the morpho-phonology of Arabic. Traditional grammars refer to letters when expressing rules and as writing does not always reflect pronunciation, understanding and learning such rules becomes difficult. While correct stress placement is as important as the pronunciation of individual consonants and vowels in recitation, stress has also been neglected in traditional grammars as it is not represented in writing. In this study, we have looked at the I’lāl rules of Ajwaf verbs (verbs that have a semivowel as the second root consonant) linguistically in order to show the simplicity of the morpho-phonological processes involved and to show the main role that stress plays in the pronunciation of such verbs. By phonetically transcribing the examples of these rules and analyzing the observed stress patterns within the framework of Metrical Stress Theory (Hayes,1995), we have shown that the I’lāl rules of Ajwaf verbs refer to nothing more than deletion, compensatory lengthening, and lengthening due to stress and that concentrating on sounds rather than on letters prevents the many complexities of traditional grammars.

Abstract This paper surveys The Typology of the word order of the Buddhist Sogdian text “Vesantra Jᾱtaka” through a descriptive-analytical study. Data have been collected through library method and purposive sampling. All of the available sections of the text have been analyzed in a qualitative and quantitative way. Present article discusses correlation and noncorrelation pairs related to verb among 24 categories discussed in Dabir Moghadam (2012), and 4 categories which Dryer presented (1992). Vesantra Jᾱtaka although had contained 40 chapters only 29 of them had survived and contains 1805 lines, which is the main focus of the present article. This research aims at answering these questions : How much is the Dryer's model applicable to Buddhist sogdian text? Based on verbal pairs, does this language belong to ov language group or vo? How is the word order of Buddhist Sogdian texts? In general, no language totally belongs to VO or OV language likewise, Buddhist Sogdian is not an exception, but it can be said that it has mostly the characteristics of an ov language based on verbal parameters. So, it has a tendency to left branching where the verb as the head occurs at the end of the sentence.

Abstract Conditional constructions are complex sentences containing subordinate clauses mostly with the conditional connector and the main clauses. The present descriptive and typological study provides a survey of some issues in the syntax of the “if clause” and “conditional connector” according to the corpus-based approach. The findings of the syntactic role of “if clause”, show that, the subordinate clause can act either as an adjunct modifying the matrix verb or as a complement of the matrix verb. Accordingly, when the if-clause is the complement element of the matrix clause, the deletion of the subordinate clause leads to the unacceptability of the sentence. The evidence suggests that in addition to adverbial if-clauses, the time clauses and relative clauses may act as a conditional clause. On conditional connectors, the different connector of antecedent clause like “čenɑnče” /if/, “čon” /because/, “ce’ /that/, and etc. have been introduced according to research data. Connectors of the main clause in conditionals including consequential, causal, and contrastive connectors, which classify three types of conditionals have been presented as well. Introducing the “concessive conditionals” and “negative conditionals”, discussing the conditioning a part of the main clause are also other issues that have been considered in this study.